Each of the curriculum maps for English Language Arts in kindergarten through 12th grade is divided into the four strands that compose the English Language Arts curriculum: Reading, Writing, Language, Speaking & Listening (with the fifth strand of Handwriting for students in grades K-8). Although the curriculum maps are arranged by strands for organizational purposes, instruction in English Language Arts utilizes an approach that integrates the various strands. Content is repeated across grade levels, reflecting the spiraling nature of the English Language Arts curriculum. Spiraling allows students to deepen and expand their understanding of key content as required skills become increasingly sophisticated and complex.